rssI am only one, but still, I am one. I cannot do everything but I can do something. - Edward Everett Hale
2010, February 19
BWV 114.7 analyzed again
A revision of the analysis of the cross relation of May 26, 2008
Here is the original post with sound files of the parts, April 22, 2008.
Here is a revision and correction, posted May 26, 2008, of the original analysis.
Today, after a letter from Taylor Morgeson, here is another solution with chord changes only on the beat, so that the harmonic rhythm is consistent:
The cross relation results from the unaccented appoggiatura in the second half of the first beat and the E natural in the bass on the second beat. The E flat in the tenor is in the descending harmonic minor scale (F sharp-E flat-D-C-B flat) playing against the ascending melodic minor in the bass (D-E natural-F sharp-G).
In the same measure there is also a voice crossing between the alto and the soprano resulting from the leap of a seventh by the alto; so this is a very active couple of measures.
Glenn Gould remarks about BWV 54 that suspensions and cross relations were reserved by Bach for "those subjects for which he felt most keenly, most deeply". Only Glenn Gould, with a direct line to Bach's spirit, would know what Bach was feeling. I don't think anyone else would quite dare to make such a statement. The words sung in these measures are:
So sind wir doch des Herren
Der kann dem Satan wehren
Yet we are the Lord's
He can guard against Satan
Perhaps the very active harmonization of these measures was meant to call attention to these sentiments.
Here is Taylor's corrected version of the measures.
2010, February 06
Cantata BWV 150
JS Bach Cantata BWV 150 Nach dir, Herr, verlanget mich
(To Thee, Lord, I lift up my soul)
Occasion unknown.
Mühlhausen Cantatas
Scoring: Violin I,II, bassoon, continuo
Soprano, Alto, Tenor, Bass
Bärenreiter vol 17; p 275
Words: Free verse, biblical verses
Dürr (p 773) states that this cantata has been criticised and there have been doubts as to its authenticity. However, he concludes that the piece is probably by Bach, and might be considered an authentic though very early cantata—perhaps the earliest of all.
BWV 150 |
|
4. Chorus: Leite mich und lehre mich |
Instruments and voices for each part
| Section | Text | Instruments, voices |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sinfonia, all instruments and continuo. | |
| 2 | Psalms 25:1-2 | Chorus, SATB, all instruments and continuo. |
| 3 | Aria, soprano, violin I II, continuo | |
| 4 | Psalms 25:5 | Tutti, SATB, all instruments and continuo |
| 5 | Trio aria, ATB bassoon, continuo | |
| 6 | Psalms 25:15 | Chorus, SATB, all instruments and continuo |
| 7 | Tutti ciacona, SATB, all instruments and continuo |
References for the text: Luther's German Bible
| Scripture | Text | Part | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | Psalms 25:1-2 | Ein Psalm Davids. Nach dir, Herr, verlanget mich. Mein Gott, ich hoffe auf dich. Laß mich nicht zuschanden werden, daß sich meine Feinde nicht freuen über mich! |
Chorus |
| 4 | Psalms 25:5 | Leite mich in deiner Wahrheit und lehre mich; denn du bist der Gott, der mir hilft; täglich harre ich dein. | Chorus |
| 6 | Psalms 25:15 | Meine Augen sehen stets zu dem Herrn denn er wird meinen Fuß aus dem Netze ziehen. | Alto tenor bass aria |
References for the text: King James Bible
| Scripture | Text | Part | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | Psalms 25:1-2 | Unto thee, O Lord, do I lift up my soul. O my God, I trust in thee: let me not be ashamed, let not mine enemies triumph over me. |
Chorus |
| 4 | Psalms 25:5 | Lead me in thy truth, and teach me: for thou art the God of my salvation; on thee do I wait all the day. | Chorus |
| 6 | Psalms 25:15 | Mine eyes are ever toward the Lord; for he shall pluck my feet out of the net. | Alto tenor bass aria |
Whittaker (p 55) gives us a description of section 5, the alto tenor bass trio aria, in which cedars are described as tossed by the wind, Cedern müssen von den Winden oft viel Ungemach emfinden, oftmalsvwerden sie verkehrt. Rath und That auf' Gott gestellet' (Cedars from the wind often much calamity experience, oft-times are they overturned. Thought and action on God place).
Other links:
Emmanuel Notes BWV 150
Emmanuel Translation BWV 150
Discussion from Bach Cantatas Website
Recordingsfrom Bach Cantatas Website
John Eliot Gardiner Cantatas, PDF index
John Eliot Gardiner Cantatas Recording
London Bach Society Database entry BWV 150
Article AllMusic.com BWV 150
Classical.net discussion, Simon Crouch
2010, February 02
Cantata BWV 71
JS Bach Cantata BWV 71: Gott ist mein König
(God is my king)
Mühlhausen Installation of the town council, from 1708; Bach was 23 years old.
Mühlhausen Cantatas
Scoring: Orchestra devided into four 'choirs', voices form a fifth choir
1. Trumpet I,II,III, timpani
2. Flauto dolce (recorders) I,II, violoncello
3. Oboe I,II, bassoon
4. Violin I,II, viola, violone
5. Soprano, Alto, Tenor, Bass
Organ obbligato
Bärenreiter vol 13; p 23
Words: Bible verses, chorale verse
Modern Mühlhausen town hall
Photo from Wikipedia
In Mühlhausen, Bach worked at the "Divi Blasii" church, but had much better conections to the nearby St. Mary's Church, where the preacher Georg Christian Eilmar was a great admirer of Bach's music. St. Mary's, Thuringia's second biggest church (a fünfschiffige Hallenkirche), was built at the turn of the 14th and 15th centuries and was made famous through the activities of Thomas Müntzer in 1525.
Bach's working life in the Reichs city of Mühlhausen in 1707-08 - brief though it was - yielded important church music compositions. To mark the Council Election he composed this cantata, which was performed in St. Mary's Church on 4th February 1708. This is the only cantata printed in Bach's lifetime.
C.S. Terry vol 2 p 278: Terry discusses the chorale used in the second part of the cantata, O Gott, du frommer Gott. The version below is sung by the soprano, while the tenor sings an independent melody. This chorale melody also appears in Cantatas BWV 24 and BWV 164 and chorale BWV 399.
From the Bach Cantatas Website, the chorale as it appears in BWV 71-2.
Short and attractive to the ear, complex in analysis. I see the difficulty in balancing the voices and instruments to which Whittaker refers (vol one, p 38), especially in parts six and seven, where it would be very easy for the instruments to become overpowering. Trumpets and timpani, used with restraint, open and close the cantata with emphasis and ceremony and add their weight to the short alto solo in section five.
Alfred Dürr (p 12) gives a lengthy analysis of the permutation fugue:
Alfred Dürr (p 12) Definition of permutation fugue |
Alfred Dürr (p 64) Example of permutation fugue p1 |
Alfred Dürr (p 65) Example of permutation fugue p2 |
Alfred Dürr (p 66) Example of permutation fugue p3 |
*permutation: any of the total number of changes in position or order possible within a group, hence, a change in grouping
Instruments, voices for each part
| Section | Text | Instruments, voices |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Psalm 74:12 | SATB, all instruments and organ continuo. |
| 2 | 2 Samuel 19:35, 37 | Soprano chorale, tenor air, organ obbligato |
| 3 | Deuteronomy 33:25 Genesis 21:22 | Soprano, alto, tenor, bass with organ continuo, permutation fugue |
| 4 | Psalm 74:16, 17 | Bass arioso, oboes and basson, recorders and cello, organ continuo |
| 5 | Alto solo, trumpets and timpani, organ continuo | |
| 6 | Psalm 74:19 | SATB, strings, oboes and bassoon, recorders and cello, organ continuo |
| 7 | SATB, all instruments and organ continuo, permutation fugue in one section |
References for the text: Luther's German Bible
| Part | Scripture | Text |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Psalms 74:12 | Aber Gott ist mein König von alters her, der alle Hilfe tut, so auf Erden geschieht |
| 2 | 2 Samuel 19:35-37
Chorale: Soll ich auf dieser Welt |
Ich bin heute achtzig Jahre alt. Wie sollte ich kennen, was gut oder böse ist, oder schmecken, was ich esse oder trinke, oder hären, was die Sänger oder Sängerinnen singen? Warum sollte dein Knecht meinen Herrn König fürder beschweren? Dein Knecht soll ein wenig gehen mit dem Könige über den Jordan. Warum will mir der König eine solche Vergeltung tun? Laß deinen Knecht umkehren, daß ich sterbe in meiner Stadt bei meines Vaters und meiner Mutter Grab. Siehe, da ist dein Knecht Chimeham, den laß mit meinem Herrn Könige hinüberziehen und tue ihm, was dir wohlgefällt. |
| 3 | Deuteronomy 33:25 Genesis 21:22 | Eisen und Erz sei an seinen Schuhen; dein Alter sei wie deine Jugend Zu derselbigen Zeit redete Abimelech und Phichol, sein Feldhauptmann, mit Abraham und sprach: Gott ist mit dir in allem, das du tust. |
| 4 | Psalms 74:16, 17 | Tag und Nacht ist dein; du machest, daß beide Sonn und Gestirn ihren gewissen Lauf haben. Du setzest einem jeglichen Lande seine Grenze; Sommer und Winter machest du. |
| 6 | Psalms 74:19 | Du wollest nicht dem Tier geben die Seele deiner Turteltaube und deiner elenden Tiere nicht so gar vergessen. |
References for the text: King James Bible
| Part | Scripture | Text |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Psalms 74:12 | For God is my King of old, working salvation in the midst of the earth. |
| 2 | 2 Samuel 19:35-37 Chorale: Should I upon this earth |
I am this day fourscore years old: and can I discern between good and evil? can thy servant taste what I eat or what I drink? can I hear any more the voice of singing men and singing women? wherefore then should thy servant be yet a burden unto my lord the king? Thy servant will go a little way over Jordan with the king: and why should the king recompense it me with such a reward? Let thy servant, I pray thee, turn back again, that I may die in mine own city, and be buried by the grave of my father and of my mother. But behold thy servant Chimham; let him go over with my lord the king; and do to him what shall seem good unto thee. |
| 3 | Deuteronomy 33:25 Genesis 21:22 | Thy shoes shall be iron and brass; and as thy days, so shall thy strength be. And it came to pass at that time, that Abimelech and Phichol the chief captain of his host spake unto Abraham, saying, God is with thee in all that thou doest: |
| 4 | Psalms 74:16, 17 | The day is thine, the night also is thine: thou hast prepared the light and the sun. Thou hast set all the borders of the earth: thou hast made summer and winter. |
| 6 | Psalms 74:19 | O deliver not the soul of thy turtledove unto the multitude of the wicked: forget not the congregation of thy poor for ever |
BWV 71.1, 2, 3 and 4 and BWV 71.5, 6 and 7
DVD from Organ Historical Society
Other links:
Emmanuel Translation BWV 71
Discussion by Dr. Carol Traupman-Carr, for the Bach Choir of Bethlehem
Article AllMusic.com BWV 71
London Bach Society Database entry BWV 71
Discussion from Bach Cantatas Website
Recordingsfrom Bach Cantatas Website
John Eliot Gardiner Cantatas Recording
Classical.net discussion, Simon Crouch
2010, January 27
Cantata BWV 131
JS Bach Cantata BWV 131: Aus der Tiefe rufe ich, Herr, zu dir
(From the deep, Lord, I Cried to Thee)
Mühlhausen Penitential service? 1707?
Mühlhausen Cantatas
Scoring: Oboe, Violin, Viola I,II, Bassoon, Continuo
Soprano, Alto, Tenor, Bass
Bärenreiter vol 14; p 345
Words: Psalms 130
After the holidays, back to the cantatas roughly in the order written. Cantata 131 is a through-composed piece, based on Psalms 130, with no recitatives or arias; the solos are sung in counterpoint to a chorale in another voice. There are no catchy tunes that keep running through my head. I especially love the bassoon in the final chorus. And I love the polyphony which sets a quick part against the slow notes of the chorale in parts two and four.
Leusink has doubled the organ bass line with a cello in the Tenor / Alto 131.4. This is very effective and the cello part adds substance. He also plays at a slower tempo, which is nice.
Whittaker, vol 1, p 35, offers a description of the second part: The second chorus consists of a short adagio, … chord passages separated by florid runs for alto and tenor, and a long Largo fugue, in which the waiting of the soul is contrasted with a repeated expression of hope, in subject and countersubject. Oboe and violin incessantly dovetail each other while the violas answer each other in groups of two notes, resulting in long stretches of eight part writing which show an early command over intricate polyphony.
Dürr, p 777-779, states that BWV 131 consists not of independent, self-contained movements but of various kinds of sections that run stright into each other. …the design of the choruses is largely analagous to the instrumental form of prelude and fugue. …Forms here still put together in a fresh and nonchalant fashion would later be more purposefully and consistently united. Nevertheless, we already sense the power of genius here, particularly in the fugal movements.
C.S. Terry (vol 2 p 389) states that the chorale melody "Herr Jesu Christ du hochstes Gut", below right, used in part two and part four is "the tenor (slightly altered) of a four-part setting of 'Wenn mein Stundlein vorhanden ist,'" below left. Unfortunately, he does not show us the four-part setting, only the top voice melody, from which he says the derivation is patent. Maybe to him.
Discussion of the chorale Herr Jesu Christ du hochstes Gut
Discussion of the chorale Wenn mein Stundlein vorhanden ist
References for the text: Luther's German Bible
| Scripture | Text | Part | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Psalms 130:1,2 | Aus der Tiefe rufe ich, Herr, zu dir. Herr, höre meine Stimme; laß deine Ohren merken auf die Stimme meines Flehens! |
Chorus |
| 2 |
Psalms 130:3,4 Chorale |
So du willst, Herr, Sünde zurechnen, Herr, wer wird bestehen? Denn bei dir ist die Vergebung, daß man dich fürchte. Erbarm dich mein in solcher Last, "Herr Jesu Christ, du höchstes Gut", vs 2 |
Bass solo soprano chorale |
| 3 | Psalms 130:5 | Ich harre des Herrn; meine Seele harret, und ich hoffe auf sein Wort | Chorus |
| 4 |
Psalms 130:6 Chorale |
Meine Seele wartet auf den Herrn von einer Morgenwache bis zur andern Und weil ich denn in meinem Sinn, vs 5 "Herr Jesu Christ, du höchstes Gut" vs 5 |
Tenor solo alto chorale |
| 5 | Psalms 130:7,8 | Israel hoffe auf den Herrn; denn bei dem Herrn ist die Gnade und viel Erlösung bei ihm; und er wird Israel erlösen aus allen seinen Sünden. | Chorus |
References for the text: King James Bible
| Scripture | Text | Part | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Psalms 130:1,2 | Out of the depths have I cried unto thee, O Lord. Lord, hear my voice: let thine ears be attentive to the voice of my supplications |
Chorus |
| 2 |
Psalms 130:3,4 Chorale |
If thou, Lord, shouldest mark iniquities, O Lord, who shall stand? But there is forgiveness with thee, that thou mayest be feared. Have mercy on me burdened so, "Herr Jesu Christ, du höchstes Gut", vs 2 |
Bass solo soprano chorale |
| 3 | Psalms 130:5 | I wait for the Lord, my soul doth wait, and in his word do I hope | Chorus |
| 4 |
Psalms 130:6 Chorale |
My soul waiteth for the Lord more than they that watch for the morning And since in my mind, as I lamented before, vs 5 "Herr Jesu Christ, du höchstes Gut" vs 5 |
Tenor aria alto chorale |
| 5 | Psalms 130:7,8 | Let Israel hope in the Lord: for with the Lord there is mercy, and with him is redemption. And he shall redeem Israel from all iniquities. | Chorus |
Instruments, voices each section
| Section | Text | Instruments, voices |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Psalms 130:1,2 | Oboe, Violin, Viola I,II, Bassoon, Continuo, SATB. |
| 2 | Psalms 130:3, 4 | Oboe obbligato, Continuo, Soprano chorale, Bass solo |
| 3 | Psalms 130:5 | Oboe, Violin, Viola I,II, Bassoon, Continuo, SATB with choral fugue |
| 4 | Psalms 130:6 | Continuo, Tenor solo, Alto chorale |
| 5 | Psalms 130:7, 8 | Oboe obbligato, Violin, Viola I,II, Bassoon, Continuo, SATB with choral fugue at close |
Once again, my favorite recording is Rifkin's with one voice per part, organ continuo, no one part overbearing at any time.
Links to BWV 131 by Ton Koopman on YouTube:
BWV 131.1 with commentary
BWV 131.2, 3
BWV 131.4, 5
Other links:
Emmanuel Notes BWV 131
Emmanuel Translation BWV 131
Discussion from Bach Cantatas Website
Recordingsfrom Bach Cantatas Website
Through-composed
John Eliot Gardiner Cantatas Recording
Classical.net discussion, Simon Crouch
London Bach Society Database entry BWV 131
Article AllMusic.com BWV 131
